Citation Guidelines

Citation Guidelines

Citation Guidelines

The Tech-Sphere Journal of Engineering Research and Innovation (TSJERI) accepts and supports two standard referencing styles to accommodate diverse disciplines within the engineering and applied sciences community: APA (7th Edition) and IEEE. Authors are required to use only one of the two styles consistently throughout their manuscript.

✅ 1. APA Style (7th Edition)

The American Psychological Association (APA) style is author–date based and is widely used in scientific and social science writing.

● In-Text Citations

  • Single author: (Adediran, 2022)

  • Two authors: (Ibrahim & Chukwu, 2021)

  • Three or more authors: (Okoro et al., 2020)

  • Direct quote with page: (Ahmed, 2019, p. 45)

● Reference List Examples

  • Journal Article:
    Oluwole, T. K., & Adamu, R. A. (2021). Advanced thermal analysis of composite materials using AI techniques. Journal of Computational Engineering, 35(2), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1234/jce.2021.2567

  • Book:
    Peterson, H. D. (2020). Foundations of modern mechanical design (3rd ed.). Academic Press.

  • Conference Paper:
    Yusuf, M., & Zhang, H. (2022). Sensor fusion for autonomous vehicle navigation. In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Intelligent Systems (pp. 210–215). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISYS.2022.8899

✅ 2. IEEE Style

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) referencing style is commonly used in engineering, computer science, and other technical fields. It uses numerical in-text citations and a numbered reference list.

● In-Text Citations

Use bracketed numbers in the order of appearance:

According to the method proposed in [3], the model improves efficiency.

● Reference List Examples

  • Journal Article:
    [1] T. K. Oluwole and R. A. Adamu, “Advanced thermal analysis of composite materials using AI techniques,” J. Comput. Eng., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 112–128, 2021, doi: 10.1234/jce.2021.2567.

  • Book:
    [2] H. D. Peterson, Foundations of Modern Mechanical Design, 3rd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2020.

  • Conference Paper:
    [3] M. Yusuf and H. Zhang, “Sensor fusion for autonomous vehicle navigation,” in Proc. 2022 Int. Conf. Intell. Syst., 2022, pp. 210–215, doi: 10.1109/ISYS.2022.8899.