Citation Guidelines

Citation Guidelines

Authors submitting to the Tech-Sphere Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (TSJPAS) should follow one of the two citation styles based on the discipline or preference: APA 7th Edition or IEEE Style. Below, you will find detailed guidelines for both citation styles.

APA Citation Style (7th Edition)

APA 7th Edition is widely used in social sciences, environmental sciences, and engineering. Please follow these guidelines when referencing sources in your manuscript.

In-text Citations:

  • One author: (Author, Year)
    Example: (Smith, 2020)

  • Two authors: (Author1 & Author2, Year)
    Example: (Smith & Jones, 2020)

  • Three or more authors: (Author1 et al., Year)
    Example: (Smith et al., 2020)

Reference List Format:

  1. Books
    Format:
    Author(s). (Year). Title of the book (Edition, if applicable). Publisher.
    Example:
    Smith, J. (2020). Principles of Environmental Science (3rd ed.). Green Earth Publishing.

  2. Journal Articles
    Format:
    Author(s). (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume(Issue), page range. https://doi.org/xxxx
    Example:
    Doe, J., & Lee, P. (2020). The impact of renewable energy on global economies. Energy Studies Journal, 15(2), 123-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esj.2020.03.001

  3. Websites
    Format:
    Author(s). (Year). Title of the webpage. Website Name. URL
    Example:
    United Nations. (2020). Climate change and its global impact. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/climatechange

  4. Conference Papers
    Format:
    Author(s). (Year). Title of the paper. In Editor(s) (Ed(s).), Proceedings of the [Conference Name] (pp. page range). Publisher.
    Example:
    Robinson, A. (2020). Advances in nanotechnology for environmental sustainability. In S. Green & D. Smith (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Technologies (pp. 22-28). ScienceTech Publishing.

  5. Reports and Theses
    Format:
    Author(s). (Year). Title of the report/thesis (Report No. or Theses No.). Publisher.
    Example:
    Thompson, L. (2020). The role of artificial intelligence in modern medicine (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of XYZ.

Additional Citation Rules:

  • Multiple Works by the Same Author: Differentiate by adding lowercase letters (e.g., 2020a, 2020b).

  • Citing a Source within a Source: Use “as cited in” (Author, Year, as cited in Author2, Year).

  • Personal Communications: Cite only in-text (e.g., personal emails, conversations).

IEEE Citation Style

The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) citation style is commonly used in engineering, computer science, and technology fields. Below are the citation guidelines for IEEE style.

In-text Citations:

  • The IEEE citation style uses numbered citations in square brackets, e.g., [1], [2], [3]. The references are numbered in the order they appear in the manuscript.

    Example:
    According to Smith [1], renewable energy technologies are critical for sustainable development.

  • For multiple references:
    Example:
    [1], [2], and [4] show that renewable energy has a significant impact on the environment.

Reference List Format:

The reference list in IEEE is organized numerically by the order of appearance in the text. Below is the format for different types of references:

  1. Books
    Format:
    [#] Author(s), Title of the Book, Edition (if applicable). City, State (or Country): Publisher, Year.
    Example:
    [1] J. Smith, Principles of Environmental Science, 3rd ed. New York, NY: Green Earth Publishing, 2020.

  2. Journal Articles
    Format:
    [#] Author(s), "Title of the article," Title of the Journal, vol. Volume, no. Issue, pp. Page range, Month, Year.
    Example:
    [2] J. Doe and P. Lee, "The impact of renewable energy on global economies," Energy Studies Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 123-139, Feb. 2020.

  3. Websites
    Format:
    [#] Author(s), "Title of the webpage," Website Name. [Online]. Available: URL. [Accessed: Month day, year].
    Example:
    [3] United Nations, "Climate change and its global impact," United Nations Environment Programme. [Online]. Available: https://www.unep.org/climatechange. [Accessed: Apr. 5, 2020].

  4. Conference Papers
    Format:
    [#] Author(s), "Title of the paper," in Proceedings of the [Conference Name], City, State (or Country), Year, pp. Page range.
    Example:
    [4] A. Robinson, "Advances in nanotechnology for environmental sustainability," in Proc. Int. Conf. Sustainable Tech., London, UK, 2020, pp. 22-28.

  5. Reports and Theses
    Format:
    [#] Author(s), Title of the report/thesis, Report or Thesis No., Institution, Year.
    Example:
    [5] L. Thompson, The role of artificial intelligence in modern medicine, Ph.D. dissertation, University of XYZ, 2020.

Additional Citation Rules:

  • Citing a Source within a Source: IEEE does not support "as cited in" citations. In such cases, you must cite the primary source directly.

  • Multiple Works by the Same Author: In IEEE, works by the same author are listed in the order of appearance in the text.

Citation Examples

APA Style:

  • Book:
    Smith, J. (2020). Environmental Science: A Global Perspective (2nd ed.). Green Earth Publishing.

  • Journal Article:
    Doe, J. L., & Lee, P. R. (2020). The impact of renewable energy on global economies. Energy Studies Journal, 15(2), 123-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esj.2020.03.001

  • Website:
    United Nations. (2020). Climate change and its global impact. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/climatechange

IEEE Style:

  • Book:
    [1] J. Smith, Environmental Science: A Global Perspective, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Green Earth Publishing, 2020.

  • Journal Article:
    [2] J. Doe and P. Lee, "The impact of renewable energy on global economies," Energy Studies Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 123-139, Feb. 2020.

  • Website:
    [3] United Nations, "Climate change and its global impact," United Nations Environment Programme. [Online]. Available: https://www.unep.org/climatechange. [Accessed: Apr. 5, 2020].